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Posts by Paul Costello1

Montgomery County schools’ test scores show one grade is outpacing the rest

Talia Richman7/28/2026 10:53 a.m. EDT

Montgomery County students made modest gains in reading and math, though not all groups improved

Montgomery County students made slight progress in reading and math as they continued to score above statewide averages, according to standardized test results released Tuesday.

District leaders will be parsing these results to figure out whether recent changes to academic programs and curricula are paying off in Maryland’s largest school system.

The annual exam, called the Maryland Comprehensive Assessment Program, tests students in grades 3–8 and some high schoolers in English, math and science. Students score a 1 through 4 on the assessments, with the top two levels considered proficient.

How did Montgomery County students do in English?

Roughly 58.5% of students are considered proficient on the English language arts test. That’s compared to 51.7% statewide.

The district’s most notable growth — a 3-percentage-point jump — came in fifth grade. Sixth-grade English was the district’s sore spot, with students posting a decline of nearly 2 percentage points.

For the past two years, students in pre-K through fifth grade have been learning from a new reading curriculum, called Amplify Core Knowledge Language Arts. Although educators have mixed opinions on the rollout, district leaders said they expected it to trigger growth in test scores. The fifth-grade scores could be seen as a sign of success.

What about math?

Math scores also saw slight growth, though the subject remains a struggle for many students.

About 36.9% of Montgomery County students are considered proficient in math, an improvement of 1.2 percentage points from last year.

Statewide, only 27.1% of students are proficient in the subject.

Montgomery County saw a surge of improvement in Algebra II, a high school math course, but the growth at other levels was more muted.

What were the top-performing schools?

Cold Spring Elementary dominated in English and math.

The Potomac school is in many ways set up for success. Few of its students come from low-income families, and it employs many experienced teachers.

Poolesville High and Winston Churchill High in Potomac posted strong scores in 10th-grade English. At both of these well-regarded campuses, more than 90% of students showed proficiency on the test.

At the other end of the spectrum, roughly 42% of John F. Kennedy High students scored proficient on the 10th-grade English assessment. It’s still an improvement from last year, when just 36.9% of students were proficient.

Where does MCPS need to improve?

Wide gaps between student demographic groups plague the district.

In math, 13.6% of students with disabilities achieved proficiency, compared to 40.5% of their nondisabled peers. More troubling is that there wasn’t year-over-year growth for students with disabilities.

Children from low-income families and those who are learning English also continue to struggle on the standardized tests.

Persistent gaps among racial groups didn’t narrow, either.

How about science?

Only fifth and eighth graders take the science assessment. Roughly 40% of Montgomery County test-takers scored proficient in the subject.

Once again, MCPS students performed better than their peers statewide. About 32.4% of fifth graders and 30.9% of eighth graders hit proficiency standards in science.

https://www.thebanner.com/education/k-12-schools/montgomery-county-mcap-test-scores-E4PTHLDGNJDGNAHIWUE7RCZ46E/?schk=YES&rchk=YES&utm_source=The+Banner&utm_campaign=de6b59f9d6-NL_ALRT_MC_20260728_1135&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_fed75856d2-de6b59f9d6-592168624&mc_cid=de6b59f9d6

Chronic absenteeism is a national crisis

Chronic Absenteeism in Schools - PIQE

From the Desk of CASEL

Chronic absenteeism is a national crisis, with roughly 1 in 5 students missing 10 percent or more of the school year. That’s why we were encouraged by the introduction of the All in for Attendance Act in Congress on Monday, which supports approaches that offer a systemic strategy to ensure that school is a place where students want to be. 

This bill resonates with the current developments in Oregon, where I recently addressed the state legislature’s Attendance Working Group. I know Oregon well, having supported their efforts to improve attendance prior to coming to CASEL. During the meeting, we discussed how chronic absenteeism requires deeper solutions than nudge letters and data teams. 
The answer lay in transforming school and classroom culture. That means building stronger relationships with students and parents and infusing the entire education environment with a sense of connection and belonging. The districts who had seen the most success improving attendance found schools must be places where students feel known, valued, and supported, and where they experience a sense of community with peers and adults. 

That’s where SEL comes in. At CASEL, we are committed to bringing these kinds of solutions to a wider audience. You may have already seen our recent email focused on the problem. Stay tuned for our new efforts to support schools and districts in tackling absenteeism (see below) as well as research, publications, and support for policies and legislation that leverage SEL to ensure all students feel a sense of connection and belonging in school. 

Stay tuned and join the conversation with us!
Dr. Sheldon BermanInterim CEO CASEL


https://menefee.house.gov/media/press-releases/congressmembers-menefee-and-bynum-introduce-the-all-in-for-attendance-act-to-combat-chronic-absenteeism-and-support-student-success

The States Where Life Is Better

Opinion  Nicholas Kristof NYT June 6th 2026

A quiz question: Which state does best at ensuring the well-being of its citizens, giving them health, education and hope?

It’s not one of the richest places per capita to live, which — depending on how or what you count — include Connecticut, New York and Washington, D.C. It’s not the world’s tech capital, California, nor is it proud and flamboyant Texas. Florida may attract retirees, but it’s not Florida either.

Rather, a major new study finds that the No. 1 state in terms of its residents’ quality of life is Minnesota. Yes, just-a-bit-boring Minnesota. Freezing Minnesota. Calm, pragmatic, not-very-ideological Minnesota.

The new study, released Saturday, comes from the State of the Nation Project, backed by a bipartisan group of experts. This year’s assessment is based on 31 measures and was created by scholars and by advisers to the last five presidents, including Donald Trump.

The bad news is that just about every part of the country — even Minnesota — is seeing a decline in self-reported personal well-being and mental health. Likewise, people throughout the country trust less in institutions and in their fellow Americans. Overall, we increasingly are unhappy.

“We have a national problem on our hands,” said Douglas N. Harris, a Tulane University economist who is leading the State of the Nation Project. Minnesota may be a model state compared with others, but even it is tracking the downward national trends in areas like mental health, children and families, he noted.

“It’s a very uniform, broad-based decline in well-being,” Harris said. “There really aren’t any states knocking it out of the park on how people feel about their lives, other people or key institutions.”

To me, this discontent seems a reason to mark the nation’s 250th birthday next month not only with celebrations but also with a serious, fact-based effort to diagnose what has gone wrong — and that’s something the State of the Nation Project may help with.

The top 10 states for well-being in the study, in order, are: Minnesota, New Hampshire, Iowa, Vermont, Massachusetts, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wisconsin, North Dakota and Utah.

California and New York rank in the middle. Florida and Texas are a bit below average.

Louisiana is at the bottom, with New Mexico, West Virginia, Nevada, Mississippi, Alabama, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Arkansas and South Carolina not much better off.

In general, the states doing well tend to be in New England or the western part of the Midwest and are somewhat prosperous. The worst performers tend to be red states in the South, but the patterns aren’t clear-cut.

And let’s acknowledge that this is a single study relying on data that are sometimes subjective. This is not the last word in rankings. Still, I think it helps when Republican and Democratic experts agree on a snapshot of where we are. Three lessons seem paramount to me:

America does an excellent job generating wealth and a poor job translating that wealth into things we value. For example, the State of the Nation Project says, the United States performs better than 98 percent of countries worldwide in economic output, but better than only 57 percent of nations in child mortality, 33 percent in belief in democracy and 11 percent in measures of depression and anxiety. Domestically, rich states tend to outperform poor states, but the correlation is somewhat weak. What matters even more than economic growth is that benefits are shared, and richer states do not seem to produce more personal satisfaction.

Social spending, especially on education, improves citizen outcomes, but what matters in addition to the sums themselves is how the money is spent. Minnesota ranks 13th among states in the share of personal income going to state and local taxes, according to the Tax Policy Center, but it seems to get a high return on its spending.

Southern red states do poorly, but some of the most progressive states also underperform, especially given how wealthy they are. Politicians in some liberal states seem better at reciting slogans (“Housing is a human right!”) than at actually building housing. Indeed, instead of spurring action, the slogans sometimes substitute for it. I’ve argued that the states doing the most to lift education outcomes are a trio of red states better known for their past failures in social policy: Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi. These rankings are a reminder that what matters to residents is less the boldness of the vision than relentless empiricism and careful execution.

As I explored the data, I wondered if there’s something to be said for a healthy opposition party. The pattern is imperfect, but many of the worst performers are one-party Republican states, while the underperforming rich states are mostly dominated by Democrats. A few of the best performers, including Minnesota, have a blue cast but with enough Republicans to keep Democrats nervous.

Looking at these results, I also have a nagging fear: Decline can become self-fulfilling. The study underscores increasing economic frustration and distrust of government, and those realities may help explain the rise of Trump. And now he is giving people even more reason to distrust government.

Here’s my hope: We rigorously reflect on where we stand on our 250th birthday and aim, in a calm, understated Minnesota way, to tackle our challenges and, as Lincoln put it, “to bind up the nation’s wounds.”

https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/06/opinion/happiness-trust-americans-states.html

Scores for 9-year-olds improved in reading and mathematics in 2025 while scores for 13-year-olds showed no significant change

NAEP long-term trend tests show reading, math gains for 9-year-olds : NPR

Scores for 9-year-olds increased in both reading and mathematics between 2022 and 2025

  • Average scores were higher in 2025 than in 2022 for 9-year-old students in reading and mathematics. The average scores in 2025 were 4 points higher in reading and 4 points higher in mathematics compared to 2022.
  • These score increases since 2022 were seen among the lower performers at the 10th and 25th percentiles.
  • The reading score in 2025 was not significantly different from the pre-COVID pandemicscore in 2020.
  • The mathematics score was 4 points lower in 2025 compared to 2020.
  • The 2025 scores were also higher compared to the earliest assessments in the 1970s.

Explore Reading score trends
Explore Mathematics score trends


No change in scores for 13-year-olds in reading or mathematics since 2023

  • For 13-year-old students, there were no significant changes in either the reading or mathematics average scores compared to 2023 (the most recent assessment for that age).
  • The 2025 scores in both subjects were lower than the pre-pandemic scores in 2020.
  • The 2025 reading score was not significantly different from the score in 1971
  • The 2025 mathematics score was higher than in 1973

Explore Reading score trends
Explore Mathematics score trends

About the LTT Assessment

Since the 1970s, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) has monitored the academic performance of U.S. students with what have become known as the long-term trend (LTT) assessments. The 2025 reading and mathematics LTT assessments were administered in the winter (January to March) for age 9 and in the fall (October to December) for age 13 in the 2024–2025 school year. Results in this report are based on the performance of nationally representative samples of 9- and 13-year-old students attending public and private schools.

The NAEP long-term trend assessments in reading and mathematics are distinct from the main NAEP assessments, which date back to the early 1990s. The existence of two national assessment programs—LTT and main NAEP—makes it possible to meet two major objectives: (1) to measure student progress over an extended period of time (LTT) and (2) to measure student knowledge and skills based on the most current curricula and standards (main NAEP). Results from the two assessments cannot be directly compared because they use different questions and have different levels of difficulty, and because LTT is sampled by age whereas main NAEP is sampled by grade. Read more about the differences between NAEP LTT and main NAEP assessments.

FigureAssessment design and administration information in the NAEP long-term trend reading and mathematics assessments: 2025

Age 9Age 13
Assessment periodJanuary to March, 2024–2025 school yearOctober to December, 2024–2025 school year
Number of students assessed in reading7,4008,200
Number of students assessed in mathematics7,6008,200
Number of schools assessed400 for reading and 410 for mathematics440 for both subjects
Cognitive testing time45 minutes
Reported resultsBased on national level student performance on a paper-based assessment
Survey questionnairesAdministered to students and to school administrators

The Story of NAEP

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is a continuing and nationally representative measure of trends in academic achievement of U.S. elementary and secondary students in various subjects. It is the largest continuing and nationally representative assessment of what our nation’s students know and can do in select subjects. It was first administered in 1969 to measure student achievement nationally. Teachers, principals, parents, policymakers, and researchers all use NAEP results to assess progress and develop ways to improve education in the United States.

Read more

Next page: Reading: Average Scores and Percentiles

https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/ltt/2025/?utm_source=The+Banner&utm_campaign=5fdf4f7630-NL_EDHB_20260611_1130&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_fed75856d2-5fdf4f7630-592168624&mc_cid=5fdf4f7630&mc_eid=fe12c291d2

Well+Being: Youth Mental Health

Well+Being: Youth Mental Health

https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2026/05/08/well-being-youth-mental-health/

MS. MARTIN: Thank you so much for having me.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: Well, we’re delighted to talk about this important topic, and let’s get back to those numbers I was just mentioning. Forty percent of high school students report feelings of persistent sadness or hopelessness. What does that look like from the foundation, from the ground, where you’re really examining what’s happening?

MS. MARTIN: Yeah. I think, so a few things. First, I think it’s important to remember that young people across America are having really disparate experiences, and it can be tempting to kind of have this conversation as if there is one young person and we’re just worried about their young well-being. There’s millions of young people across the country that are having really different experiences, impacted by all of the different factors in their life, depending on where they are geographically, what’s going on with their family, what’s going on at home and at school.

So the perspective the foundation takes is that first and foremost we need to be in conversation and really in partnership with young people themselves. If we focus there and that is the on-ramp to figuring out what solutions are going to be, we are going to be able to really dial in for all of those diverse young people, what different solutions need to look like for different young people at different phases of their lives.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: So the foundation was built on this notion that kindness and acceptance can change lives. I’m thinking back to its foundation, and it was begun by Lady Gaga and her mother, Cynthia Germanotta, who’s been on our show before. How has the foundation changed since its inception? Lady Gaga went public about her own experience of being bullied, and you’ve now broadened that mission, I think.

MS. MARTIN: I think what’s so powerful about the foundation and our work is it’s really the intersection of our co-founders’ personal experiences with mental health and beyond and where young people are and their stories and how those two things overlap and have real trends that drive our work, and yes, our fundamental premise and belief is that if we again work directly with young people to build kinder communities, that is where positive change is going to be unlocked. And we’ve now been at it for 15 years.

I will say one of the exciting things over the span of that decade and a half has been how much the conversation around mental health and wellness has evolved. I think that’s something that always gives me a lot of hope at the international stage, at the national level, and in communities. It’s an area where folks are ready to take more action, which is super exciting.

I think for our work specifically, we are really focused on, again, building those kind communities and thinking a lot about what are the skills and knowledge young people need to have and their communities in order to move the ball forward on youth mental health and what are the component parts of young people’s communities that we need to be strengthening.

So I think you hear a lot about home, what’s going on at home, what’s going on in school. Those are obviously critical components, but we hear a ton directly from young people about the critical need for more third spaces and other places to go in their communities where they can connect with one another, connect with caring adults, and explore their interests and identities. And that is also where a lot of our work goes to and how we can build out that ecosystem of support.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: You used a word that’s so important right now. That’s “community.”

MS. MARTIN: Yes.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: And we can’t have this conversation without talking about social media and the communities that kids and adults build there. In your experience, is social media always a detriment to mental health? Are you seeing really strong caring communities growing through social media?

MS. MARTIN: Yes. I think this is where I started with that reminder that young people are not a monolith, right? They are having incredibly disparate experiences based on so many factors, and that perhaps comes through most strongly when we look at the data around digital media use and its intersection with youth well-being.

We know that there are some young people who might be engaging with digital media in some ways that can be really harmful. We also know for other young people that online community can be providing really critical support and access to resources that simply do not exist for those young people offline or that they don’t feel safe or comfortable accessing offline.

So I think our perspective, again, is let’s work with young people to have more conversations driven by a sense of curiosity about what is working for them and what isn’t working for them when it comes to digital media and then actually pushing for change so these platforms and this technology can be supportive of young people more often and is less likely to come with some of those harms.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: So young people sometimes spend hours on social media. Is there a correlation between the amount of time they spend on social media and whether it’s a benefit or detriment to them?

MS. MARTIN: Again, I think this is where there’s truly–this is one of, like, the hottest topics in the youth mental health space, and there’s an increasing amount of research. I will say a lot of that research is still definitely very correlational and not always causational, whereas–and that’s an area where I would always exercise a little bit of caution.

I would say, again, instead of thinking only about young people spending too much time in front of a screen, I would think about two things. One, what are the alternatives that we are providing for them? So do young people have, again, safe spaces to go, caring adults to interact with, peer support, and places to actually go do that? I think that’s one of the things over the past few years, especially post-COVID, that I’ve heard most consistently from the young people we work directly with that really surprised me, is they will even use the language of “third spaces,” which really, again, astounded me. That is not a term that I would have known at their age.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: Right.

MS. MARTIN: But it is something they think a lot about because those third spaces often don’t exist. So I think talking only about the digital media side or only about the screen-use side really leaves out the other side of the puzzle around what we would expect young people to be doing, where we would expect them to physically go in time and space as that alternative to screen use.

I think the other important part of the conversation is that one of the biggest predictors of a young person’s problematic use of screen time is their parents’ problematic use of screen time.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: Right.

MS. MARTIN: So I think there’s kind of–I know, right? I think there’s kind of this temptation to talk about problematic social media use or screen time as something that only young people are grappling with, and we know that’s simply not the case, right? And it’s also something that I often hear adults kind of admit off to the side, right, around like, “Oh, yeah. I also don’t feel great about my relationship with technology and the way I’m using some of these tools.”

So, again, instead of having what can often feel a little top-down, right, around like, “Oh. Well, how do we control what the young people are doing online?” I think, again, having that slightly more honest curiosity-driven conversation around what are you getting out of these tools, what aren’t you getting out of these tools, and how can we make these tools better for everybody so that we’re actually fixing the problem and not just trying to, again, control the behavior of young people who are going to grow into adults anyways and then right in front of the screen if we don’t make a change.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: So let’s talk about the other space where kids spend a lot of time, and that’s schools.

MS. MARTIN: Mm-hmm.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: What’s a truly supportive school environment, and how are schools grappling with these terrible statistics we started out with?

MS. MARTIN: Absolutely. So I think a truly supportive school, again, for us starts with a place of kindness and having that orientation towards how are we cultivating a true community of belonging, and I think if we start there, everything else gets better. And it definitely needs to include, again, caring adults who are prepared to talk about mental health and support their students. It should include mental health professionals a variety of options embedded into those goals and to, again, have as many different types of resources possible where young people are in school, and that is definitely a really important part of the puzzle. And we know that that is simply not where a lot of schools today are, and they are simply not resourced to actually do that.

A thing I reflect a lot upon is–and if folks are familiar with the great organization, DonorsChoose, where teachers can go on the platform and buy–or fundraise for supplies that they need for their classrooms, those teachers are often looking for winter coats and canned goods for food pantries, right? Like, they are worried about meeting really basic needs. So I think the temptation to then also ask schools to be the mental health infrastructure for young people is going to set us up for failure. So, again, that’s where we think about what is the ecosystem of support that we’re building that includes schools but also includes a more flourishing ecosystem of community-based organizations that might be able to work with schools. They might be completely separate, but it’s providing additional opportunities for young people to, again, have those safe spaces to go, to access caring adults, and to access peer support.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: I think there’s been a change, Rachel, in how people talk about mental health. We see people like athletes, influencers, creators openly talking about their own struggles. Do you think that has a real impact? Has it changed the stigma, or are they so distant from the real life of kids that it really doesn’t make a difference?

MS. MARTIN: Oh, no. I think we believe strongly that one of the most powerful things we can all be doing is to learn how to appropriately and safely share our own stories. That is certainly, again, something we’ve seen our co-founder did that was the real genesis of the foundation, and absolutely, I love your call-out of athletes as also I think going beyond just talking about struggle and really talking about mental wellness through a frame of how can we think about this as a strength and like a muscle we can all get better at and take real action around. So, absolutely, I think public figures but also all of us just talking more openly and honestly about mental wellness is critical to the path forward.

I would also add, one of the things we’ve seen from our research is that young people often aren’t talking about mental health with their parents, because their parents aren’t talking about it with them. So I think there’s–I share that as a reminder that, yes, there are these, like, very public figures that can drive the conversation forward, but each of us in our own lives can also be part of that change and adjusting the way that we think about mental health and wellness.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: You used the phrase “take action,” and it seems so very important to think about how to take action. Are there specific areas where you feel we are still falling short where you could see some pretty straightforward and affordable fixes?

MS. MARTIN: Yes, absolutely. And I love this question because it’s Mental Health Awareness Month. Awareness is great. Awareness is where we start.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: Right.

MS. MARTIN: But action is where we actually solve problems.

So if I could wave a magic wand and invite everyone to take action with us for Mental Health Awareness Month, I would offer up two suggestions. So first is to educate yourself around what mental health challenges might look like in practice. Sometimes it can be hard to parse, oh, oh my friend is flaking or my friend is ignoring me versus my friend is having a mental health struggle. So starting with some self-education around what mental health looks like in practice and then how to actually have that supportive conversation. And there are really wonderful resources out there that are super user friendly that can help you get started on that journey to feel more prepared to talk about mental health with the folks in your life.

So, at Born This Way, we are focused on Be There Certificate. It is totally free. It is self-paced. It is available in English, French, and Spanish, and it’s great for young people and the adults in their lives as one suggestion.

The other area that I would invite folks to think about when they are thinking about how to take action on mental health is social connection, and this is something the World Health Organization has lifted up as a really key component of public health. It’s something former U.S. Surgeon General Murthy talked a lot about in the loneliness epidemic. So we knew social connection is this incredibly basic foundational thing that drives so much about our individual and community wellness in terms of both physical health and mental health.

So I think the call to action here is to think about how you are strengthening your ties with the humans in your life, whether that includes some digital technology, whether that includes getting offline and being in community, and this is going to look totally different for every one of us, but if we start there and start by asking ourselves that question, and then also thinking through that next step of, well, if I’m having trouble with it, right, what are the changes my community might need so that we can have stronger social connection?

MS. STEAD SELLERS: Take it a little bit more deeply, if you can, into the equity issue. You know, resources are so much more available for some kids than for others, and you’ve talked about students that are really struggling to make sure people–young people are well fed. Do you see benefits that are unequally distributed in this area of mental health action?

MS. MARTIN: Absolutely, right? We know the U.S. health care system, to put it mildly, right, is very complex and often comes with some real challenges when it comes to accessing care, and I think that is probably particularly true when it comes to mental health care.

I was just in L.A. at an awesome event and, again, got to hear directly from some young people, and they were talking about the experience of trying to access a therapist, wanting that to be a part of their–how they were caring for themselves but really struggling both from a cost perspective and from a cultural competency standpoint and finding it’s not just about finding a mental health professional to work with. It’s about finding the right one for you, and that can be extraordinarily challenging for anybody, but especially for young people who are already disadvantaged and are already struggling from a resource perspective. So I think this is where we really need that big systems-level change from a workforce development perspective but also the nitty-gritty of how our health care system works.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: And, of course, in some ways, an online system could provide equity. We always see this, right, the potential for mental health to be more widely–care to be more widely distributed is there with an online system.

MS. MARTIN: I think this is where, yes, technology can–always has the potential to solve some problems and not solve others, and there’s definitely, again, just in the past few years way more movement and energy on the side of thinking through what are the technological options for expanding access to mental health care.

I think my caution there would be, as we think through what some of those tools look like, again, actually having conversations rooted in what young people want, and what young people really want is to be able to access again high-quality, culturally competent resources from a human being. So I think so much as we can use technology as an opportunity to close communication gaps, to make it easier to find that human support, there’s a lot of possibility there, but at the end of the day, young people want and to deserve human connection, including in the mental health care system.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: Rachel, I’d love it if you tell us a little more about the Generation Be There campaign and the certificate that you described just briefly earlier on.

MS. MARTIN: Absolutely. Thank you for the tee-up. So, as I mentioned before, I think this is one of the really basic things every single one of us can do to actually take action this month for Mental Health Awareness Month.

So, again, our program in partnership with a great Canadian non-profit, Jack.org, is called Be There Certificate. You can just go to BeThereCertificate.org. It takes most people about 90 minutes, and you can actually learn, again, what are the signs that somebody in my life might be struggling, how am I supposed to support them, and actually have a conversation that is going to be helpful.

Spoiler alert. It turns out a big part of it is not trying to fix, but instead just listen, which can be–sounds basic, but it’s I think often where a lot of us–

MS. STEAD SELLERS: Right.

MS. MARTIN: And then, where appropriate, bridge to other resources if that’s what your loved one needs. So it’s not turning you into the mental health care system, but it is instead recognizing you as a really vital bridge and support to other forms of care.

So for Mental Health Awareness Month, we are calling on everyone to earn their Be There Certificate and become part of Generation Be There. So Generation Be There is the campaign, and we hope everyone, again, takes action, totally free, English, French and Spanish, and it’s–if you have 90 minutes, it’s probably the easiest way you could take action right now on mental health.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: So I’m fascinated. English, French and Spanish, and are the issues different for kids and other people watching in those different languages? Is it the straight translation, or are there different issues that come up?

MS. MARTIN: Oh, wow! Really, our team is going to be so excited to get to dive into the details here.

So it was really important both for us and Jack.org that we did not just do a copy-paste translation. We did work with native speakers in both French and Spanish to come up with, again, more culturally relevant content for the program in those languages, and yes, again, we know when we talk with young people, a major theme that comes through is this desire for resources, for content, for information, for supports that meet them where they are in all ways, including their specific cultural context. So that is definitely something that we were really thoughtful about when we were building Be There Certificate.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: That’s great to hear.

Rachel, we have probably time for just one more question, and I’d love it if you could talk to us about–a little bit about what brought you to work on this topic, and what gives you most hope looking ahead?

MS. MARTIN: Oh, what a wonderful question. So I was really fortunate. I’ve always worked in sort of the mission-driven space, and then sometimes the world just aligns, and you find yourself getting to do something really meaningful and really fun. And that was certainly my journey to Born This Way Foundation.

And I would say the thing that gives me most hope–and I know it sounds a little trite, but it is truly hearing directly from young people. I think they’re–when we hear statistics around the frequency of mental health challenges, how many young people are struggling with mental health symptoms, I think what can often get lost is that young people remain incredibly hopeful. They are optimistic about their future, at nine and ten believe that they can be a meaningful part of their community and show up for other people. So I think young people themselves are a font of ideas and potential solutions and energy, and if we can more consistently partner with them, we are going to go so much faster and make so much more progress.

MS. STEAD SELLERS: Rachel, what a great note of optimism to finish on. Thank you so much for joining us today.

MS. MARTIN: Thank you so much for having me.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2026/05/19/transcript-wellbeing-youth-mental-health/

They respond to students in crisis. Soon, they could lose their jobs.

Talia Richman5/27/2026 5:30 a.m. EDT

Psychologists and social workers are among those in jeopardy as Montgomery County grapples with its budget

After a February shooting at Wootton High School, nearly 100 mental health professionals flooded the campus to help traumatized students rebuild their sense of safety.

Among them was Liliana Ferrufino. She’s usually stationed 3 miles away, at Winston Churchill High, but she knows it’s a school psychologist’s job to show up where kids are in crisis.

Ferrufino’s position is now a potential casualty of a $36 million funding gap that is expected to cost hundreds of Montgomery County Public Schools staffers their jobs. Many of the proposed cuts would impact mental health services.

Superintendent Thomas Taylor has proposed axing 20 school psychologist positions, which would save about $2 million. The proposal to eliminate these jobs came as a shock because they weren’t all listed in Taylor’s first roster of potential cuts.

The district’s latest budget proposal recommends cutting 18 of the 135 current school psychologist positions, district spokesperson Liliana López said in a statement. Two resource psychologists are also on the list.

“These adjustments were made after careful evaluation to protect direct classroom instruction, while ensuring the district remains mindful of its obligations to meet all state law requirements,” López said.

Losing psychologists, they say, will strain resources in the district, placing children at risk at a time when many of them are grappling with mental health issues. Overburdening psychologists can also leave the district vulnerable to lawsuits, they added.

Many are already serving multiple campuses.

The National Association of School Psychologists recommends a ratio of one psychologist for every 500 students. But in MCPS, they are often responsible for double or triple, even quadruple, that number.

Parents worry about what these cuts could mean for their children, particularly those with complex needs.

Oz Papados, whose son has autism, said schools without adequate psychological support can end up shifting the burden onto parents to be emergency responders, case managers and behavioral specialists.

“School psychologists are not optional extras,” she wrote in a letter to the school board. “They are often the people who help schools understand the difference between ‘bad behavior’ and disability-related distress.”

Safe adults

One of the essential roles of a school psychologist is evaluating students with disabilities to determine what resources they need. They are required to adhere to strict timelines for such assessments, and failure to do so can lead to legal complaints from parents.

talia.richman@thebanner.com

Talia Richman

Talia Richman is the Montgomery County education reporter at The Banner. She previously covered schools for The Dallas Morning News. The Education Writers Association has recognized Talia as among the best education beat reporters in the nation. Before her time in Texas, she covered schools and City Hall for The Baltimore Sun.

https://www.thebanner.com/education/k-12-schools/mcps-psychologists-social-workers-budget-cuts-YQFH7XK5N5ESXEVQA2BX64RZFI/

What connecting to your future self can mean to your present

By Katherine Ellison Jan 5th 2025 Washington Post

When asked why he didn’t begin writing novels until his 30s, the celebrated Czech author Milan Kundera said he didn’t have the requisite experience when he was younger. “This jerk that I was, I wouldn’t like to see him,” he added.

Many of us look back at our former selves and wince at our immaturity. We vary quite a lot in the degree to which we feel friendly toward, and connected to, both our former and our future selves. Psychologists call this trait self-continuity and suggest that it carries enormous weight in determining our long-term well-being.

In recent years, research has shown that a sense of coherence between our past and present selves can bolster mental health and, particularly, emotional resilience. Our connection to our future selves, on the other hand, can sway choices with long-term impact on our future welfare, from watching our diets to saving for retirement.

Self-continuity gives us “an understanding of where we came from and where we’re going,” says Cornell University gerontologist Corinna Löckenhoff, who researches the trait. “It gives us direction and purpose and identity.”

Perched in the present

The 19th-century psychologist William James compared human experience to being perched on a saddle “from which we look in two directions into time.” But modern researchers have found that the ability — or willingness — to look meaningfully in either direction varies from person to person.

“Some people feel a great degree of overlap and continuity with their future selves, and some people don’t even think about that self, and it feels almost like a stranger,” says psychologist Hal Hershfield of UCLA.

Most studies of self-continuity look to the future, not the past. Researchers typically measure future self-continuity by asking people how similar they feel to an imagined future self. In a 2009 study of 164 people, for example, Hershfield and his team employed Venn diagrams, with two circles overlapping to various degrees. Participants were asked to pick the circle pair that best described how alike and connected they felt to themselves 10 years in the future. People’s responses ranged from almost no overlap to almost complete overlap.

The differences between people depend on a hodgepodge of factors, in addition to basic influences of nature and nurture.

Studies have reported that older people, whose expected time horizons are shorter, tend to have a greater sense of self-continuity, as do members of East Asian cultures, which, as some scholars speculate, tend to have a more holistic, connected worldview.

But researchers have found that people struggling with depressionpoverty and childhood trauma tend to feel less connected to their future selves.

Morning guy vs. night guy

The degree of coherence we feel with ourselves over time can support or sabotage us. People with a sturdier connection with their future selves may be more likely to pay short-term costs for future benefits and vice versa.

The comedian Jerry Seinfeld illustrates the conflict in his riff about how Morning Guy always suffers for the carpe-diem antics of Night Guy: “You get up in the morning, your alarm, you’re exhausted and groggy,” he says. “Oh, I hate that Night Guy! See, Night Guy always screws Morning Guy.”

The same tension is evident in the failure by many Americans to save for retirement. In a 2022 survey of more than 1,100 retirees, 70 percent said they wished they’d started saving earlier.

Hershfield says this emerging crisis is what drew him to focus his research on self-continuity and its behavioral consequences. He and others have found that people with more self-continuity are more likely to engage in behaviors that deliver future benefits, including not only saving for retirement but also taking better care of their health in the present.

People with stronger self-continuity are also more likely to behave ethically and responsibly, Hershfield’s research suggests.

In a 2012 study, he and colleagues measured the self-continuity of 85 Northwestern University students, then followed up with a test of a smaller group to assess their ethical conduct. Only 50 percent of those who scored low in self-continuity showed up for the follow-up, they found, compared with 73 percent of those who scored high. What’s more, of the low scorers who did show up, 77 percent were willing to lie to an anonymous partner to earn more money when tested with a “deception game,” while only 36 percent of the high scorers would do so.

A stronger sense of connection with one’s future self may also push people toward environmentally responsible behavior.

In a 2022 study, researchers recruited 175 undergraduate students at an unnamed U.S. public university, randomly assigning them into three groups: one that was encouraged to visualize themselves at age 60, and the others told to visualize themselves, or another person, in the present. Afterward, all of the students played a game in which they could take simulated fish from a pool.

The students who focused on their future selves limited the number of fish they took each round to conserve the pool of fish longer, the experiment revealed, while those who focused on the present were more likely to quickly exhaust the pool.

Write yourself a letter, then write back

For more than a decade, scientists have searched for ways to manipulate self-continuity in study participants to encourage them to behave more prudently. They have reported success with a variety of approaches, including having people interact with a computer-generated older version of themselves, sometimes with the help of virtual-reality glasses.

Most recently, a new program called Future You, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offers young people a chance to chat with an online simulation of themselves at age 60 that is generated by artificial intelligence. A recent study of 344 participants found that users who interacted with their future selves reported “increased future self-continuity” and, perhaps as a consequence, reported significantly less anxiety, compared with those who did not.

Future You is a high-tech version of a technique long practiced by high school teachers and counselors who encourage students to write letters to their future selves.

In a pilot study of high school students in Japan, social psychologist Anne E. Wilson, at Wilfrid Laurier University in Ontario, took the exercise one step further. She and her colleague, Yuta Chishima, instructed students to respond to their letter to their future selves as they imagined their future selves might.

Writing a letter from the future made the students feel more connected to their future selves, the researchers found. A month later, students who had written back from their future self’s perspective reported “more intensive career planning and a greater willingness to study hard at school even when temptations beckon,” vs. students who wrote only the single letter, according to Wilson and Chishima.

To be sure, there are times when a shorter horizon may be useful, researchers from Britain’s University of Southampton note in the 2023 Annual Review of Psychology. For example, too strong a sense of continuity with one’s past self might hamper efforts in the present to abandon “sunk costs” — investments already made in a doomed plan or project — they report.

The same may apply to quitting a bad habit such as drug addiction. “A bad past could be like an anchor for someone,” Wilson says.

“On the other hand,” Wilson says, “a bad past could be something that we learn from and then figure out different strategies for the future, so we don’t keep making the same mistakes.”

Perhaps like Kundera, who so forcefully repudiated the man he was in his 20s, and died at 94 in 2023, after a long and celebrated writing career.

This article first appeared in Knowable Magazine.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/01/05/future-self-continuity-planning-wellbeing/


What A.I. Kant Do

A man in a cap and gown facing away.

By Maureen Dowd  Opinion Columnist, reporting from Washington

Humans may be on the way out. But at least the humanities are back.

Or so some of the tech gods tell us.

After decades of dismissing liberal arts and humanities studies as useless and insisting that the mastery of science, engineering, math and tech is essential to future success, the tech world is coming around to the idea that learning about human nature could be a valuable asset in the coming A.I. revolution.

As it turns out, tech jobs may be drying up after years of students rushing to computer science. Who needs to code? A.I. does that for you.

What A.I. can’t do — yet — is the stuff that makes us human: empathy, emotion, psychology, critical thinking. “What a piece of work is a man,” Hamlet said, describing an intricate and infinite creature.

“I think A.I. is a false mirror,” said Drew Lichtenberg, the dramaturg at the Shakespeare Theatre Company here and a lecturer at Johns Hopkins University. “It reflects back answers to black-or-white questions, but it does little to help explain the human experience the way art or philosophy can.”

He said he was shocked that students last semester were hungry for difficult plays and philosophical readings with no clear answers. “They were particularly into Kant and his ‘Analytic of the Sublime,’ Nietzsche and existential nausea, Camus and the myth of Sisyphus,” he said, adding that the cool reason of A.I. comprehends, but the seething imagination of art apprehends.

Daniela Amodei, a founder of Anthropic, told ABC News that “the things that make us human will become much more important instead of much less important.” She said that at Anthropic, the company is looking to hire people who are “compassionate and curious” about other people.

Amodei, who majored in literature at the University of California, Santa Cruz, said that “studying the humanities is going to be more important than ever. A lot of these models are actually very good at STEM. But I think this idea that there are things that make us uniquely human — understanding ourselves, understanding history, understanding what makes us tick — I think that will always be really, really important.”

Other billionaires and execs — Jamie Dimon at JPMorgan Chase, Ginni Rometty at IBM, Satya Nadella at Microsoft, Mike Novogratz at Galaxy Digital and Jack Clark at Anthropic — have warned of the need for emotional intelligence and storytelling in a world dominated by A.I.

Reed Hastings, a founder of Netflix, said on Reid Hoffman’s podcast recently that we have moved beyond the days when STEM swallowed the Stanford University campus. If he had a 3-year-old today, he said, he would be “doubling down” on teaching the child emotional skills.

“For students and parents, the best defense today is to be broadly educated so they can adapt to the changes coming,” Hastings told me. “A.I. is better at rational thinking than it is at emotional depth. The last job that A.I. will get is stand-up comedian.”

Mark Cuban, an A.I. optimist who predicted a decade ago that English majors would have the edge in the future, told me: “A.I. is going to do a lot of amazing things with drugs and devices and stuff that’s going to be insanely important and cool. But, you know, humans are humans. Curiosity is the greatest skill you can have in an A.I. universe.”

Some people are beginning to realize you have to avoid sautéing your brain in A.I. slop if you want to keep it fit.

“The people who are reading hard books and are still writing have built these brain circuits, and they’re comfortable with cognitive strain,” said Cal Newport, a Georgetown University computer science professor. “These are the people with real value if everyone else has fried their brains.”

Rob Reich, a Stanford professor who teaches the social ethics of science and technology, said that computer science students are awash in anxiety about their future. “The first time that there’s been a decline in computer science enrollment at Stanford in 20 years is in the past 18 months,” he said.

Maybe humans are getting worried about becoming less human. As a friend of Reich’s says, we have gone from visiting people on birthdays to letters to phone calls to texts to emojis.

Reich suggested that humans, unable to keep up with A.I., may have decided to go read some poetry or literature or philosophy and remind themselves of “enduring sources of meaning in the world.”

When Anthropic’s head of A.I. safety, Mrinank Sharma, left the company in February, saying that “the world is in peril” from A.I. and other things, he posted on X about looking for meaning in poetry: “I want to explore the questions that feel truly essential to me, the questions that David Whyte would say ‘have no right to go away,’ the questions that Rilke implores us to ‘live.’”

Reich said that some people think that once A.I. does the majority of economically valuable work and we live in a world of abundance, “what will be left for humans to do is fundamentally a more humanistic set of questions about artisanal projects that people might want to direct themselves toward.”

Some of my academic friends doubt this is a real trend, as they see liberal arts and humanities departments shrinking and closing, graduate enrollments slashed and reading scores falling.

The New Yorker declared “The End of the English Major” three years ago. The Washington Post reported this past week on a Texas study in which liberal arts landed at the bottom of undergraduate programs that paid off after college. “Just try to imagine a world — or a working democracy — when those skills are limited to a few,” keened one Shakespeare professor.

Maybe the lords of the cloud are feeling guilty as it becomes apparent that A.I. is going to subsume us. So they’re wishfully thinking that truth and beauty can help us steer A.I. toward its better angels.

“They know that American society is going to turn against them in big ways because they are the greatest and most illegitimate pirates who ever lived,” said Leon Wieseltier, editor of the journal Liberties. “Tech is the single most powerful force that was ever arrayed against the humanities.

“There is a huge difference between knowledge and information, and these asinine people have taught our population that all of knowledge can be reduced to the status of information,” Wieseltier said. “Press a button, you got your answer. So the whole humanistic mentality of mystery, obscurity, patience, beauty — it’s the opposite of what this technology has inculcated.”

https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/16/opinion/ai-liberal-arts.html

Maryland students made one of the fastest pandemic recoveries

Liz Bowie5/15/2026 2:10 p.m. EDT

The state ranks third for improvement in reading and fifth in math

Maryland students made a faster comeback than students in more than 30 states after steep academic declines during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers at Stanford, Harvard and Dartmouth.

Maryland ranks third among 35 states for student growth in reading and fifth in the nation for growth in math between 2022 and 2025, researchers found. The Education Scorecard, released this week, is one of the only apples-to-apples comparisons of student achievement across school districts, regardless of which assessment a state uses.

Researchers measured only how fast state test scores are rising in grades three through eight, not student achievement levels. Maryland students are still scoring below where they were in 2019. They remain more than half a year behind in learning math and less than that in reading.

Several Maryland school districts were identified among 108 “districts on the rise” nationally because their students’ test scores are rising faster than others in the state. In Baltimore City and Frederick and Worcester counties, scores on both reading and math have risen quickly.

Anne Arundel County and St. Mary’s County were noted for significant improvements in math, and Dorchester County and Harford County for reading improvement.

The Eastern Shore’s Somerset and Queen Anne’s counties are significantly behind other districts in gaining ground in reading since the pandemic.

Maryland public school test scores: Search to see how your school performed in 2025

“We’re making progress, real progress,” said Tenette Smith, the chief academic officer at the Maryland State Department of Education. “There’s a long road to go. There’s much more hard work that we have to do to ensure that we are providing every kid in the state a quality educational experience.”

The Education Scorecard is a collaboration by Thomas Kane at the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University, Sean Reardon at Stanford University’s Educational Opportunity Project and Douglas Staiger at Dartmouth College. Because of data constraints, the Education Scorecard did not include 10 states.

Maryland also saw a drop in chronic absenteeism, defined as students absent 10% of school days a year, falling from 31.1% in 2022 to 25.5% in 2025.

The state received about $3 billion in federal pandemic relief for K–12 schools, or about $3,400 per student. Gains in the highest-poverty districts, like Baltimore City, were driven by the additional money, according to the scorecard.

Nationally, both high-income and the highest-poverty areas saw gains, but middle-income school districts did not bounce back the same way. Those districts did not receive high levels of federal relief money.

The scorecard also notes that American students began what it terms a “learning recession” in 2013, long before the pandemic. In states across the nation, including Maryland, students are scoring well below their peers a decade ago. There is no definitive research on what is causing the decline, but the scorecard authors note that it coincided with the rise in cellphone use and the accompanying influence of social media.

In 2015, the nation began moving away from the No Child Left Behind accountability system, which placed enormous pressure on schools to increase test scores across all demographic groups. The law required schools to show continuous improvement over time, a goal that was eventually seen as unrealistic.

Baltimore City, where 70% of students are economically disadvantaged, saw faster gains than many school districts with a larger share of higher-income families. It also outperformed other urban school districts in the nation.

The city received substantial increases in funding during the pandemic years, including $700 million in federal funding and $420 million in additional funding over four years from the Blueprint for Maryland’s Future.

City schools also invested in the science of reading earlier than most school districts in the state, invested heavily in tutoring, and saw literacy improve, even before the pandemic. However, the city’s overall scores still lag far behind the state average.

The majority of Maryland school districts embraced the science of reading by 2022, during the period the Education Scorecard tracked for this report. States across the nation that had implemented the phonics-based curriculum saw greater gains than states that had not.

Coaching for reading teachers has also helped propel the growth in Maryland, Smith said.

She said the state is helping to transplant techniques that are working in one school district to others.

About the Education Hub

This reporting is part of The Banner’s Education Hub, community-funded journalism that provides parents with resources they need to make decisions about how their children learn. Read more.

https://www.thebanner.com/education/k-12-schools/maryland-education-scorecard-pandemic-recovery-3QPE5YZCPRE75AGEWASFMUO3QU/?schk=YES&rchk=YES&utm_source=The+Banner&utm_campaign=9f7455fa11-NL_PMSC_20260515_1720&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_fed75856d2-9f7455fa11-592168624&mc_cid=9f7455fa11

Narrative: Member Training in a Revolutionary Concept

The Power of Story: The Story of Self, Us and Now - Commons Library Library

1. Core Competency Training: Delivering the Trajectory-Based SEL Model

Project Change rejects the modern standard of treating communal disease with isolated, individual wellness plans. When the polis—the collective educational environment—is systemically stressed, trying to cure it by fixing individual students is a structural impossibility.

Our members are not trained to administer clinical checklists; they are trained as Cultural Designers and Narrative Architects. They learn that for a student to become a Successful Life Learner (SLL), the primary indicator of success is the story that the student tells themselves about themselves.

Furthermore, the same rule governs the collective ecosystem: the story the community tells itself about itself dictates its overall Social-Emotional health.

While bureaucratic frameworks like CASEL claim to absorb these concepts into their static matrices, their attempt to “include everything” strips their model of specific utility, rendering it meaningless. Project Change offers a cutting-edge, exciting alternative: Narrative as an Essential SEL Competency.

  Individual Reality                   The Collective Polis
┌────────────────────────────────┐   ┌────────────────────────────────┐
│ The story the student tells    │   │ The story the community tells  │
│ themselves about themselves    │   │ itself about itself            │
└───────────────┬────────────────┘   └───────────────┬────────────────┘
                │                                    │
                └───────────────► ◄──────────────────┘
                         Carried Along by the
                       SHEER FORCE OF HEALTH

Our training curriculum prepares members to feed their energy into a high-momentum collective organism, moving the entire group toward a unified Trajectory of Learning.

Members learn that learning and social-emotional well-being occupy the exact same vector. If a student is forced forward academically while their emotional arrow points backward, they are actively being trained to fail.Our revolutionary curriculum trains members to construct a healthy, moving community where students are naturally carried along by the sheer force of collective momentum, anchored by the 5 Cs:

  • Confidence: Reconstructing internal narratives to replace historical academic trauma with self-efficacy.
  • Curiosity: Igniting an environmental state of openness, shifting the classroom from a posture of defense to a posture of discovery.
  • Collaboration: Designing group dynamics where social-to-social accountability replaces institutional policing.
  • Courage: Fostering the emotional safety required to risk failure in the pursuit of learning.
  • Career-Future Focus: Linking daily identity to an unfolding, aspirational long-term storyline.

When the entire organism leans in the direction of health, it creates a powerful cultural current. Within this current, it no longer matters if a vulnerable student is temporarily ahead or temporarily behind—they are safely supported and structurally carried forward by the momentum of the group.

2. Compliance Training: Prohibited Activities, Rules, and Regulations

Because our approach is revolutionary and highly relational, maintaining strict compliance boundaries is critical to safeguarding the program’s integrity and funding. Training enforces the line between systemic cultural design and prohibited behaviors:

  • Boundary Management in Relational Architecture: Members are trained on the explicit boundaries outlined in 45 CFR § 2520.65. While they are building deep, narrative-driven relationships, they are trained to avoid the introduction of personal political advocacy, religious ideologies, or union organizing into their conversations or storytelling frameworks.
  • Complementing public structures: Members learn that a “narrative approach” is utilized strictly to support the existing public school framework, never to disrupt or supplant it. Members are trained to partner with certified staff, ensuring their narrative mentorship elevates the school’s structural goals without displacing the professional roles of school counselors, social workers, or district teachers.
  • Compliance Accountability Contract: All members complete a mandatory compliance review and execute a signed, dated agreement acknowledging that any violation of AmeriCorps Prohibited Activities results in immediate disciplinary action.

3. Timeline, Monitoring, and Evaluation Quality Control

To maintain the rigorous tracking necessary for federal reporting while nurturing our members’ passion for educational revolution, training and data quality control are executed on a continuous cycle:

  • The Summer Institute (August/September – 2 Weeks): A highly engaging pre-service intensive. Members dive deep into systemic sociology, narrative identity construction, and cultural design. They are trained to administer the MyScore instrument not as a standardized test, but as a diagnostic map designed to measure the directional trajectories of both the individual student and the collective classroom climate.
  • Monthly Laboratory Sessions (October to May): Monthly mid-service milestones where members return to the cohort to analyze data trends. They bring real-world case studies to evaluate how the “5 Cs” are taking root in their classrooms. The Program Director reviews member intervention logs to audit for compliance drift, ensuring all tracking is clear, auditable, and aligned with standard ED1A regulations.
  • The Trajectory Analysis (January & May): Mid-year and end-of-year milestone training sessions. Members learn to synthesize individual pre- and post-MyScore results, translating individual vector shifts into aggregated Classroom Climate Averages. This validates our systemic impact and proves that a healthy collective organism successfully pulls individual students forward into thriving futures.